What is the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system called?

The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system is primarily known as neurology. This field encompasses the understanding of how the nervous system operates, including the various components such as the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, as well as the diseases and disorders that can affect them. Neurologists focus on diagnosing and managing conditions like epilepsy, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases, which all require a comprehensive knowledge of the nervous system's anatomy and physiology.

Physiology generally refers to the study of how different systems of the body function but does not specifically target the nervous system alone. Anatomy pertains to the structural aspects of the body, which is a component of what neurologists study, but it does not include the functional and pathological aspects that are integral to neurology. Cytology is the study of cells and their physiological properties, which does not directly address the broader concepts of the nervous system. Therefore, neurology is the most accurate choice for this question, as it encapsulates all three aspects mentioned: structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.